Open Educational Resources in the Time of COVID-19
Two Case Studies of Open Video Design in the Remote Learning Environment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18357/kula.218Keywords:
open educational resources, instructional video, online instruction, emergency remote teaching , COVID-19Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused many post-secondary institutions to close abruptly in early 2020, and instructors were expected to transition to remote online instruction with little notice. For many instructors, hastily recorded lecture-capture videos alongside digital slides became the default mode of sharing instructional content. This sudden shift to video-based instruction was a significant challenge but also presented an opportunity to develop some instructional videos as open educational resources (OER). This paper outlines two case studies from the University of Saskatchewan in which a mix of OER and class-specific, closed-content videos were designed and integrated into remote learning environments. In designing these videos, we focused on technical design elements and accessibility, ability to reuse and share, and student engagement. Both cases, one in veterinary microbiology and the other in music research methods, followed similar strategies for creating multiple types of video content for the course, focusing on four distinct types (labs and demonstrations, guest interviews, lectures, and course information). Choosing to develop and share some of this video content as OER allowed us to expand the use of these learning objects beyond the online classroom. We discuss our considerations for making some videos open, including novelty of the content, reusability, copyright, privacy, and demands on instructor time. We also provide an introduction to our production process and practical tips, including planning, audiovisual production, editing, accessibility, and sharing platforms. The COVID-19 closures made 2020 an unexpectedly challenging year for students and instructors, but the necessity of moving instruction online prompted us to focus on supporting students in this new environment and helped us contribute to the growing body of OER.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Abdaal, Ali. 2021. “9 Lessons from My Favourite YouTuber.” April 4, 2021. YouTube video, 15:12. https://youtu.be/FiRp3GEebms.
Adedoyin, Olasile Babatunde, and Emrah Soykan. 2020. “Covid-19 Pandemic and Online Learning: The Challenges and Opportunities.” Interactive Learning Environments (September 2, 2020): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180.
AEM Center. n.d. “Teaching with Accessible Video.” Accessed April 16, 2021. https://aem.cast.org/use/teaching-accessible-video. Archived at: https://perma.cc/4XXA-WMNW.
Ahmed, Alia, Altaf-ur-Rehman, and Athar Ikram Khan. 2020. “Report on Online Teaching and Learning Amid COVID-19.” SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3646414.
Bennett, Richard. 2021. “Standard YouTube License vs. Creative Commons.” Wondershare Filmora, September 22, 2021. https://filmora.wondershare.com/youtube-video-editing/standard-youtube-license-vs-cc.html. Archived at: https://perma.cc/4DYG-C9VQ.
Browne, Tom, Richard Holding, Anna Howell, and Sue Rodway-Dyer. 2010. “The Challenges of OER to Academic Practice.” Journal of Interactive Media in Education 2010 (1): 3. http://doi.org/10.5334/2010-3.
Canadian Society of Microbiologists Committee for Microbiology Education. 2020. “Learning Assessment in Online Microbiology Courses.” July 27, 2020. YouTube Video, 1:00:37. https://youtu.be/LnUGcDFwCgk.
Clinton, Virginia. 2018. “Savings Without Sacrifice: A Case Report on Open-Source Textbook Adoption.” Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning 33 (3): 177–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1486184.
Clinton, Virginia, and Shafiq Khan. 2019. “Efficacy of Open Textbook Adoption on Learning Performance and Course Withdrawal Rates: A Meta-Analysis.” AERA Open 5 (3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419872212.
Colvard, Nicholas B., C. Edward Watson, and Hyojin Park. 2018. “The Impact of Open Educational Resources on Various Student Success Metrics.” International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education 30 (2): 262–76. https://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/pdf/IJTLHE3386.pdf. Archived at: https://perma.cc/9VR5-R7V4.
Costa, Karen, and Michelle Pacansky-Brock. 2020. 99 Tips for Creating Simple and Sustainable Educational Videos: A Guide for Online Teachers and Flipped Classes. Steerling, VA: Stylus Publishing.
Creative Commons. n.d.a. “About the Licenses.” Accessed April 8, 2021. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/. Archived at: https://perma.cc/W3G9-ZXUL.
Creative Commons. n.d.b. “Creative Commons: Choose a License.” Accessed May 12, 2021. https://creativecommons.org/choose/. Archived at: https://perma.cc/Q9FS-68RZ.
Cruz, Sabrina. 2018. “So You Want to Be a Youtuber?” TEDxUofT, July 5, 2018. YouTube video, 15:23. https://youtu.be/CxRZaminNe8.
Daumiller, Martin, Raven Rinas, Julia Hein, Stefan Janke, Oliver Dickhäuser, and Markus Dresel. 2021. “Shifting from Face-to-Face to Online Teaching During COVID-19: The Role of University Faculty Achievement Goals for Attitudes Towards this Sudden Change, and Their Relevance for Burnout/Engagement and Student Evaluations of Teaching Quality.” Computers in Human Behavior 118: 106677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106677.
Davis, Galen. 2018. “How to Ensure Accessibility for Educational Videos.” Center for Teaching and Learning Wiley Education Services. December 14, 2018. https://ctl.wiley.com/how-to-ensure-accessibility-for-educational-videos/. Archived at: https://perma.cc/CJT8-PZ35.
Davis, Maria C., Josie Libertucci, Yanelis Acebo Guerrero, Heather Dietz, Tanya C. Noel, Joseph E. Rubin, and Nicole Sukdeo. 2020. “Finding the Silver Lining During a Global Pandemic: Opportunities for Curriculum Innovation in Microbiology Education.” Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66 (10): 600–602. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0374.
Dawson, DeDe. n.d. “Research Guides: Open Access: Open Textbooks & OERs.” Accessed October 20, 2021. https://libguides.usask.ca/open_access/OERs. Archived at: https://perma.cc/MSG5-VZB6.
Dermody, Robert. 2019. “Open Pedagogy for Teaching Structures.” Building Technology Educators’ Society 2019 (1). https://doi.org/10.7275/s9xd-h436.
Doi, Carolyn. 2016. “Applying the Flipped Classroom Methodology in a First-Year Undergraduate Music Research Methods Course.” Music Reference Services Quarterly 19 (2): 114–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10588167.2016.1167427.
Doi, Carolyn. 2018a. “Music Scores: Formats, Editions and the History of Music Publishing.” June 15, 2018. YouTube video, 13:51. https://youtu.be/wKcGIEFdH00.
Doi, Carolyn. 2018b. “Searching for Music Scores.” June 15, 2018. YouTube video, 6:29. https://youtu.be/XmcJWea9bbA.
Doi, Carolyn. 2021a. “Advice on Using Music Scores for Research & Study.” March 21, 2021. YouTube video, 16:16. https://youtu.be/v3JXMqYcowU.
Doi, Carolyn. 2021b. “How to Find Music Scores in the Library.” February 22, 2021. YouTube video, 12:28. https://youtu.be/AszFTh1Oe3E.
Doi, Carolyn. 2021c. “Introduction to Library Research Methods Course Syllabus. OER Commons.” https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/82739.
Doi, Carolyn. 2021d. “Introduction to Music Reference Sources.” January 28, 2021. YouTube video, 11:52. https://youtu.be/bb1h4oAVMhc.
Doi, Carolyn. n.d. “Music Research Guide: Home.” USask Library Research Guides. Accessed March 17, 2021. https://libguides.usask.ca/music/home. Archived at: https://perma.cc/NWN8-2BFM.
Fischer, Lane, John Hilton III, T. Jared Robinson, and David A. Wiley. 2015. “A Multi-Institutional Study of the Impact of Open Textbook Adoption on the Learning Outcomes of Post-Secondary Students.” Journal of Computing in Higher Education 27 (3): 159–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-015-9101-x.
Fontaine, Kim. 2020. “Going Remote: How USask Rallied Together in the Face of the Pandemic.” USask News (blog), July 10, 2020. https://news.usask.ca/articles/general/2020/going-remote-how-usask-rallied-together-in-the-face-of-the-pandemic.php. Archived at: https://perma.cc/HS5Z-D88R.
Google. 2021. “YouTube Help: Creative Commons.” https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2797468?hl=en. Archived at: https://perma.cc/R46K-DPM3.
Hodgkinson-Williams, Cheryl. 2010. Benefits and Challenges of OER for Higher Education Institutions. Cape Town: Commonwealth of Learning (COL). http://hdl.handle.net/11599/3042.
Hoosen, Sarah, and Neil Butcher. 2009. “Understanding the Impact of OER: Achievements and Challenges.” UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education. https://iite.unesco.org/publications/understanding-the-impact-of-oer-achievements-and-challenges/. Archived at: https://perma.cc/6LSU-WUYD.
Ivins, T. Z. 2011. “Localization of Open Educational Resources (OER) in Nepal: Strategies of Himalayan Knowledge-Workers.” PhD diss., Brigham Young University. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2616.
Koseoglu, Suzan, and Aras Bozkurt. 2018. “An Exploratory Literature Review on Open Educational Practices.” Distance Education 39 (4): 441–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2018.1520042.
Kursun, Engin, Kursat Cagiltay, and Gulfidan Can. 2014. “An Investigation of Faculty Perspectives on Barriers, Incentives, and Benefits of the OER Movement in Turkey.” The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 15 (6). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v15i6.1914.
Lashley, Jonathan, Andrew Wesolek, and Anne Langley, eds. 2018. OER: A Field Guide for Academic Librarians. Forest Grove, OR: Pacific University Press. https://commons.pacificu.edu/pup/3/.
Lee, Mary Y., Susan Albright, Lisa O’Leary, Dawn Geronimo Terkla, and Nancy Wilson. 2008. “Expanding the Reach of Health Sciences Education and Empowering Others: The OpenCourseWare Initiative at Tufts University.” Medical Teacher 30 (2): 159–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590701881665.
Mayer, Richard E. 2005. “Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, edited by Richard Mayer, 31–48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816819.004.
Mayer, Richard E. 2008. “Applying the Science of Learning: Evidence-Based Principles for the Design of Multimedia Instruction.” American Psychologist 63 (8): 760–69. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.8.760.
Mengual-Andrés, Santiago, and Andrés Payá-Rico. 2018. “Open Educational Resources’ Impact and Outcomes: The Essence of OpenKnowledge and Its Social Contribution.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 26 (September): 119. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3667.
MERLOT. n.d. “MERLOT: Home.” Accessed May 12, 2021. https://www.merlot.org/merlot/.
Murphy, Laurie, Nina B. Eduljee, and Karen Croteau. 2020. “College Student Transition to Synchronous Virtual Classes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Northeastern United States.” Pedagogical Research 5 (4): em0078. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/8485.
National Disability Association. 2020 “What Is Universal Design.” https://universaldesign.ie/What-is-Universal-Design/.
Nerantzi, Chrissi. 2013. “OER? What OER? Integrating Video OER in a Teacher Education Programme.” Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice 1 (2): 61–65. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v1i2.68.
NigelBarros. 2019. “How to Make A $300 Camera Look Pro.” October 14, 2019. YouTube video, 10:04. https://youtu.be/0wqUWYx3UrY.
Noel, Tanya C., Joseph E. Rubin, Yanelis Acebo Guerrero, Maria C. Davis, Heather Dietz, Josie Libertucci, and Nicole Sukdeo. 2020. “Keeping the Microbiology Lab Alive: Essential Microbiology Lab Skill Development in the Wake of COVID-19.” Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66 (10): 603–604. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0373.
Noetel, Michael, Philip Parker, Taren Sanders, Oscar Delaney, Shantell Griffith, Borja del Pozo Cruz, and Chris Lonsdale. 2021. “Video Improves Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Review.” Review of Educational Research 91 (2): 204–36. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654321990713.
OECD. 2007. “Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources.” https://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/givingknowledgeforfreetheemergenceofopeneducationalresources.htm.
OER Commons. n.d. “OER Commons.” Accessed May 12, 2021. https://www.oercommons.org/.
Otto, Daniel. 2021. “Driven by Emotions! The Effect of Attitudes on Intention and Behaviour Regarding Open Educational Resources (OER).” Journal of Interactive Media in Education 2021 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5334/jime.606.
PewDiePie. 2017. “How to Get Started on YouTube.” August 10, 2017. YouTube video, 15:12. https://youtu.be/bVu8OWN90eY.
Queen’s University. n.d. “Accessibility Hub: Video Accessibility.” Accessed April 16, 2021. https://www.queensu.ca/accessibility/how-info/video-accessibility. Archived at: https://perma.cc/NK5C-DFBY.
respectfulchild. n.d. “Drops, by respectfulchild.” Accessed April 27, 2021. https://respectfulchild.bandcamp.com/track/drops.
Rolfe, Vivien E., and Douglas Gray. 2011. “Are Multimedia Resources Effective in Life Science Education? A Meta-Analysis.” Bioscience Education 18 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3108/beej.18.5.
Ross, Heather, Christina Hendricks, and Victoria Mowat. 2018. “Open Textbooks in an Introductory Sociology Course in Canada: Student Views and Completion Rates.” Open Praxis 10 (4): 393–403. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/207185/.
Ross, Heather M., Shannon Lucky, and David Francis. 2018. “A Grassroots Approach to OER Adoption: The University of Saskatchewan Experience.” In OER: A Field Guide for Academic Librarians, edited by Andrew Wesolek, Jonathan Lashley, and Anne Langley, 381–98. Forest Grove, OR: Pacific University Press. https://commons.pacificu.edu/work/sc/0dd08078-cb6f-47a7-9a5f-8bc7b1566050.
Rubin, Joseph E. 2020a. “A Microbiologist’s Guide to iMovie for Lectures.” September 9, 2020. YouTube video, 22:11. https://youtu.be/6tMpz7Yzi4U.
Rubin, Joseph E. 2020b. “Broth Microdilution Testing.” July 27, 2020. YouTube video, 6:04. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xV_M6-PK0k.
Rubin, Joseph E. 2021. “Writing for Wikipedia: An Exercise in Microbiology, Writing, Research, Communication, and Public Service.” Journal of Veterinary Medical Education (September): e20210099. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2021-0099.
Rubin, Joseph E. n.d.a. “TheRubinLab [YouTube Channel].” YouTube. Accessed April 13, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeWS0hkAcy0SFun1jb3unqA.
Rubin, Joseph E. n.d.b. “TheRubinLab Flickr Account.” TheRubinLab Flickr Account. Accessed October 20, 2021. https://www.flickr.com/photos/therubinlab/. Archived at: https://perma.cc/5B2P-EV7R.
Stacey, Paul. 2012. “The Economics of Open.” Paul Stacey: Musings on the Edtech Frontier (blog). March 4, 2012. https://edtechfrontier.com/2012/03/04/the-economics-of-open/. Archived at: https://perma.cc/HD24-B5EH.
Tan, Samuel J. 2013. “Top 10 Free Video Sharing and Hosting Sites for Education.” Colour My Learning (blog). October 18, 2013. https://www.colourmylearning.com/2013/10/top-10-free-video-sharing-and-hosting-sites-for-education/.
Thurab-Nkhosi, Dianne, Chris Maharaj, and Varun Ramadhar. 2021. “The Impact of Emergency Remote Teaching on a Blended Engineering Course: Perspectives and Implications for the Future.” SN Social Sciences 1 (7): 159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-021-00172-z.
Tillinghast, Beth. 2020. “Developing an Open Educational Resource and Exploring OER-Enabled Pedagogy in Higher Education.” IAFOR Journal of Education 8 (2): 159–74. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.8.2.09.
Towey, Dave, Sorel Reisman, Henry Chan, Claudio Demartini, Edmundo Tovar, and Tiziana Margaria. 2019. “OER: Six Perspectives on Global Misconceptions and Challenges.” 2019 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Education (TALE): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/TALE48000.2019.9225943.
UNESCO. 2002. “Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware for Higher Education in Developing Countries, UNESCO, Paris, 1–3 July 2002: Final Report.” CI-2002/CONF.803/CLD.1. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000128515.
UNESCO. 2019. “Draft Recommendation on Open Educational Resources.” General Conference, 40th Session. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370936.
University of Saskatchewan. n.d.a. “Open Educational Practices.” Accessed October 5, 2021. https://teaching.usask.ca/curriculum/open-educational-practices.php. Archived at: https://perma.cc/K2WG-DN5Z.
University of Saskatchewan. n.d.b. “Openpress.Usask.Ca.” Accessed October 20, 2021. https://openpress.usask.ca/.
Vimeo. n.d. “Creative Commons on Vimeo.” Accessed April 8, 2021. https://vimeo.com/creativecommons.
Wang, Tianchong, and Dave Towey. 2017. “Open Educational Resource (OER) Adoption in Higher Education: Challenges and Strategies.” 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE): 317–319. https://doi.org/10.1109/TALE.2017.8252355.
Wiley, David. n.d. “Defining the “Open” in Open Content and Open Educational Resources.” Open Content. Accessed May 5, 2021. https://opencontent.org/definition/. Archived at: https://perma.cc/M5Q6-2G84.
Wiley, David, T. J. Bliss, and Mary McEwen. 2014. “Open Educational Resources: A Review of the Literature.” In Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, edited by J. Michael Spector, M. David Merrill, Jan Elen, and M. J. Bishop, 781–89. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_63.
Wiley, David, and John Levi Hilton III. 2018. “Defining OER-Enabled Pedagogy.” The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 19 (4): 133–47. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i4.3601.
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. 2021. “Open Education.” Open Educational Resources. https://hewlett.org/strategy/open-education/. Archived at: https://perma.cc/S5BE-N9QT.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Shannon Lucky, Carolyn Doi, Joseph E. Rubin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.